Mitoxantrone is a chemotherapy drug that is sometimes used as a disease modifying drug (DMD) in MS to reduce the number of relapses a person is experiencing. Although it is not licensed for MS in the UK, it is sometimes used in specialist centres for people with highly active relapsing MS.

Modafinil is a drug that promotes wakefulness and is licensed for treating people who experience excessive sleepiness due to narcolepsy. Research has suggested that it may be an effective treatment for multiple sclerosis fatigue. However, following the findings of a safety review, the European Medicines Agency recommended that the use of modafinil should only be associated with narcolepsy.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the body's immune system when it detects harmful substances such as bacteria and viruses that might cause an infection.

What is the MS hug? Also called banding or girdling, the MS hug is a symptom of multiple sclerosis where you feel as if you have a tight band or pressure around your chest or ribs. Learn more about the MS hug in this A-Z entry.

The Multiple Sclerosis International Federation (MSIF) is an international organisation which links the activities of member MS organisations around the world. It also coordinates the annual World MS Day.

MS specialist nurses, also called MS nurses, provide specialist clinical advice and support to people with multiple sclerosis (MS). A nurse can also connect people to other appropriate services, such as a doctor or a therapist.

MS Therapy Centres are local charities that provide a range of non drug therapies for people with multiple sclerosis. What is offered by each Centre will vary but can include physiotherapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, yoga, reflexology, pilates, counselling and support groups.

Learn about musculoskeletal (nociceptive) pain in MS. Explore what it feels like, why it happens and the drug treatments, therapies and self-management approaches that can help.

Managing spasticity and spasms can include a combination of self-management, physiotherapy, occupational therapy and medication. Learn about the different options for managing these symptoms.